“They’re taking benefits from the American taxpayer to subsidize their life in another country.”
Cuban immigrants are cashing in on U.S. welfare and
returning to the island, making a mockery of the decades-old premise that they
are refugees fleeing persecution at home.
Some stay for months at a time — and the U.S. government
keeps paying.
Cubans’ unique access to food stamps, disability money
and other welfare is meant to help them build new lives in America. Yet these
days, it’s helping some finance their lives on the communist island.
America’s open-ended generosity has grown into an
entitlement that exceeds $680 million a year and is exploited with ease. No
agency tracks the scope of the abuse, but a Sun Sentinel investigation found
evidence suggesting it is widespread.
Fed-up Floridians are reporting their neighbors and
relatives for accepting government aid while shuttling back and forth to the
island, selling goods in Cuba, and leaving their benefit cards in the U.S. for
others to use while they are away.
Some don’t come back at all. The U.S. has continued to
deposit welfare checks for as long as two years after the recipients moved back
to Cuba for good, federal officials confirmed.
Regulations prohibit welfare recipients from collecting
or using U.S. benefits in another country. But on the streets of Hialeah, the
first stop for many new arrivals, shopkeepers like Miguel Veloso hear about it
all the time.
Veloso, a barber who has been in the U.S. three years,
said recent immigrants on welfare talk of spending considerable time in Cuba —
six months there, two months here. “You come and go before benefits expire,” he
said.
State Rep. Manny Diaz Jr. of Hialeah hears it too, from
constituents in his heavily Cuban-American district, who tell of flaunting
their aid money on visits to the island. The money, he said, “is definitely not
to be used … to go have a great old time back in the country that was supposed
to be oppressing you.”
The sense of entitlement is so ingrained that Cubans
routinely complained to their local congressman about the challenge of
accessing U.S. aid — from Cuba.
“A family member would come into our office and say
another family member isn’t receiving his benefits,” said Javier Correoso, aide
to former Miami Rep. David Rivera. “We’d say, ‘Where is he?’ They’d say, ‘He’s
in Cuba and isn’t coming back for six months.’”
“They’re taking benefits from the American taxpayer to
subsidize their life in another country.’”
One woman told Miami immigration attorney Grisel Ybarra
that her grandmother and two great aunts came to Florida, got approved for
benefits, opened bank accounts and returned to Cuba. Month after month, the woman
cashed their government checks — about $2,400 each time — sending half to the
women in Cuba and keeping the rest.
When a welfare agency questioned the elderly ladies’
whereabouts this summer, the woman turned to Ybarra, a Cuban American. She told
Ybarra her grandmother refused to come back, saying: “With the money you sent
me, I bought a home and am really happy in Cuba.”
Cubans on the island, Ybarra said, have a name for U.S.
aid.
They call it “la ayuda.” The help.
Special status abused
Increasing openness and travel between the two countries
have made the welfare entitlement harder to justify and easier to abuse. But
few charges have been brought, and Congress and the Obama Administration have
failed to address the problem even as the United States moves toward détente
with Cuba.
Cubans’ extraordinary access to U.S. welfare rests on two
pillars of special treatment: the ease with which they are admitted to the
country, and America’s generosity in granting them public support.
Cubans are allowed into the U.S. even if they arrive
without permission and are quickly granted permanent residency under the 1966
Cuban Adjustment Act. They’re assumed to be refugees without having to prove
persecution.
They’re immediately eligible for welfare, food stamps,
Medicaid and Supplemental Security Income or SSI, cash assistance for
impoverished seniors and disabled younger people.
Most other immigrants are barred from collecting aid for
their first five years. Those here illegally are not eligible at all.
The Sun Sentinel analyzed state and federal data to
determine the annual cost of taxpayer support for Cuban immigrants: at least
$680 million. In Florida alone, costs for welfare, food stamps and refugee cash
have increased 23 percent from 2011 through 2014.
Not all Cubans receive government help. Those arriving on
visas are ineligible, and some rely on family support. And many who receive aid
do so for just a short time until they settle in, as the U.S. intended. Cubans
over time have become one of the most successful immigrant groups in America.
“They come to the U.S. to work and make a living for
their family,” said Jose Alvarez, a Cuba native and city commissioner in
Kissimmee. “I don’t believe that they come thinking the government will support
them.”
But some take advantage of the easy money — and then go
back and forth to Cuba.
A public housing tenant in Hialeah, who was receiving
food stamps and SSI payments for a disabled son, frequently traveled to Cuba to
sell food there, records show. She admitted to a city housing investigator in
2012 that she “makes $700 in two months just in the sales to Cuba.”
Another man receiving food stamps admitted to state
officials “that he was living in Cuba much of 2015.”
A recent arrival with a chronic illness got Medicaid
coverage and turned to attorney David Batchelder of Miami to help him get SSI
as well. But the man was “going back and forth to Cuba” so much that Batchelder
eventually dropped the case. “It was just another benefit he was applying for.”
Concerns about Cubans exploiting the aid are especially
troubling to exiles who came to this country decades ago and built new lives
and careers here.
Dr. Noel Fernandez recalls the assistance his family
received from friends and the U.S. government when they immigrated 20 years
ago, help that enabled him to find work as a landscaper, learn English and
complete his medical studies. Now medical director of Citrus Health Network in
Hialeah, Fernandez sees Cuban immigrants collecting benefits and going back,
including three elderly patients who recently left the U.S. for good.
“They got Medicaid, they got everything, and they
returned to Cuba,” he said. “I see people that said they were refugees [from]
Cuba and they return the next year.”
State officials have received complaints about Cubans
collecting aid while repeatedly going to Cuba or working as mules ferrying cash
and goods, a common way of financing travel to the island.
Another way of paying for the trips: cheating. Like other
welfare recipients, some Cubans work under the table or put assets in others’
names to appear poor enough to meet the programs’ income limits, according to
records and interviews. Some married couples qualify for more money as single
people by concealing marriages performed in Cuba, where the U.S. can’t access
records.
“Stop the fraud please!” one person urged in a complaint
to the state. Another pleaded with authorities to check airport departure
records for a woman suspected of hiding income. “It would show how many times
she has traveled to Cuba.”
Florida officials typically dismissed the complaints for
lack of information, because names didn’t match their records or because the
allegations didn’t involve violations of eligibility rules. Travel abroad is
not expressly prohibited, but benefits are supposed to be used for basic
necessities within the U.S.
“Our congressional folks should be looking at this,” said
Miami-Dade County Commissioner Esteban Bovo Jr., a Cuban American. “There could
be millions and millions of dollars in fraud going on here.”
Money to Cuba
Accessing benefits from Cuba typically requires a U.S.
bank account and a willing relative or friend stateside. Food stamps and
welfare are issued monthly through a debit-type card, and SSI payments are
deposited into a bank account or onto a MasterCard.
A joint account holder with a PIN number can withdraw the
money and wire it to Cuba. Another option: entrust the money to a friend
traveling to Cuba.
Roberto Pizano of Tampa, a political prisoner in Cuba for
18 years, said he worked two jobs when he arrived in the U.S. in 1979 and never
accepted government help. He now sees immigrants “abusing the system.”
“I know people who come to the U.S., apply for SSI and
never worked in the USA,” he said. They “move back to Cuba and are living off
of the hard-earned taxpayer dollars.”
He said family friend Gilberto Reyno got disability money
from the U.S. and renovated a house in Cuba. The Sun Sentinel found Reyno
living in that house in Camaguey, Cuba. He said he was no longer receiving
disability, but Pizano and another person familiar with the situation said the
payments continue to be deposited into a U.S. bank account. The Social Security
Administration would not comment, citing privacy concerns, but is
investigating.
Federal investigators have found the same scenario in
other cases.
A 2012 complaint alleged a 75-year-old woman had moved to
Camaguey two years earlier and a relative was withdrawing her SSI money from a
bank account and sending it to her. Social Security stopped payments, but not
before nearly $16,000 had been deposited into her account.
Another recipient went to Cuba on vacation and stayed,
leaving his debit card with a relative. Social Security continued his SSI
payments for another six months — $4,000 total — before an anonymous caller
reported he had gone back to Cuba.
One woman reportedly moved to Cuba in 2010 and died three
years later, while still receiving SSI and food stamps, according to a 2014 tip
to Florida welfare fraud investigators. A state official couldn’t find her at
her Hialeah home, cut off the food stamps and alerted the federal government.
Former congressman Rivera tried to curb abuses with a
bill that would have revoked the legal status of Cubans who returned to the
island before they became citizens.
“Public assistance is meant to help Cuban refugees settle
in the U.S.,” Mauricio Claver-Carone of Cuba Democracy Advocates testified in a
2012 hearing on the bill. “However, many non-refugee Cubans currently use these
benefits, which can average more than $1,000 per month, to immediately travel
back to the island, where the average income is $20 per month, and comfortably
reside there for months at a time on the taxpayer's dime.”
Rivera recently told the Sun Sentinel that he interviewed
welfare workers, Cubans in Miami and passengers waiting for charter flights to
Havana. He said he found overwhelming evidence of benefits money going back,
especially after the U.S. eased travel restrictions in 2009.
The back and forth undermines the rationale that Cubans
are refugees fleeing an oppressive government, Rivera said. And when they
return for visits, they boast of the money that’s available in the U.S., he
said. “They all say, ‘It’s great. I got free housing. I got free food. I get my
medicine.’ ”
Five Cubans interviewed by the Sun Sentinel in Havana
said they were aware of the assistance and knew of Cubans who had gone to
America and quickly began sending money back. Two said they believed it was
U.S. government aid.
“I don’t think it’s correct, but everyone does it for the
well-being of their family,” said one woman, Susana, who declined to give her
last name.
Outside welfare offices in Hialeah, the Sun Sentinel
found Cuban immigrants who had arrived as recently as three days earlier,
applying for benefits. They said family and friends told them about the aid
before they left Cuba.
“Back in the ’60s, when you came in, they told you the
factory that was hiring,” said Nidia Diaz of Miami, a former bail bondswoman
who was born in Cuba. “Now, they tell you the closest Department of Children
and Families [office] so you can go and apply.”
Crooks collect in Cuba
Miami bail bondswoman Barbara Pozo said many of her Cuban
clients talk openly about living in Cuba and collecting monthly disability
checks, courtesy of U.S. taxpayers.
“They just come here to pick up the money,” Pozo said.
“They pretend they’re disabled. They just pretend they’re crazy.”
SSI payments, for those who cannot work due to mental or
physical disabilities, go up to $733 a month for an individual. Most other new
immigrants are ineligible until they become U.S. citizens.
Some Cubans try to build a case for SSI by claiming trauma
from their life under an oppressive government or the 90-mile crossing to
Florida.
Diaz, the former bondswoman, said she has heard Cuban
clients talk about qualifying: “‘Tell them that you have emotional problems.
How did you get these problems? Well, trying to get here from Cuba.’”
Antonio Comin collected disability while organizing
missions to smuggle Cubans to Florida, including one launched from a house in
the Keys, federal prosecutors said. Comin claimed he rented the home to
celebrate his birthday — after receiving his government check.
Casimiro Martinez was receiving a monthly check for a
mental disability — but his mind was sound enough to launder more than $1
million stolen from Medicare. Martinez was arrested at Miami International
Airport after returning from a trip to Cuba.
Government disability programs are vulnerable to fraud,
particularly SSI, with applicants faking or exaggerating symptoms. Some view
SSI as “money waiting to be taken,” said John Webb, a federal prosecutor in
Tennessee who has handled fraud cases.
While benefits are supposed to be suspended for
recipients who leave the United States for more than 30 days, the government
relies on people to self-report those absences, and federal audits have found
widespread violations.
The government could significantly reduce abuses by
matching international travel records to SSI payments, auditors have
recommended since 2003. The Social Security Administration and Department of
Homeland Security are still trying to work out a data sharing agreement — 12
years later.
Jose Caragol, a Hialeah city councilman and Havana
native, said aid for Cubans “was meant to assist those who were persecuted and
want a new life. The bleeding has to stop.”
* More:
http://www.sun-sentinel.com/us-cuba-welfare-benefits/sfl-us-cuba-welfare-benefits-part-1-htmlstory.html
**By Sally Kestin, Megan O'Matz and John Maines with
Tracey Eaton in Cuba
***El Sentinel staff writer Aurelio Moreno and
photojournalist Taimy Alvarez contributed to this report.
Design and development by Yiran Zhu.
To reach reporter Sally Kestin, email skestin@tribpub.com
or call 954-356-4510.
To reach reporter Megan O'Matz, email momatz@tribpub.com
or call 954-356-4518.